1. BIOMASS

        Biomass is an organic substance that is a natural energy storage and can be used to produce energy such as agricultural waste. or waste from the production process in the agricultural industry, such as rice husk, obtained from the milling of paddy, bagasse Obtained from the production of granulated sugar It is mainly obtained by processing rubber wood or eucalyptus wood and some of them are from the forest plantation where palm residues are planted. It is obtained by extracting crude palm oil from fresh palm fruit, cassava pulp, it is obtained from the production of cassava starch and corn cobs. It is obtained by milling corn to remove the kernels and coconut shells. It is obtained from the coconut shelling to bring out the meat. coconut to produce coconut milk and coconut oil obtained from the production of alcohol as a biomass can be transformed into energy because in the process of growth Plants use carbon dioxide and waterthen change the power from sunlight through the process of photosynthesis has come out into flour and sugar and stored in different parts of the plant, so when the plant is used as fuel We will get energy out. The utilization of biomass energy can be used either in the form of heat energy, steam or generating electricity.

It will use any type of biomass fuel mentioned above or many types together, biomass is a cheap source of fuel. If it is used in an area that is not far from the fuel source to reduce the cost of transporting biomass is everywhere in Thailand.

The adoption of biomass thus reduces foreign exchange losses on fuel imports and generates income for local residents. In addition, the production of energy from biomass fuel with appropriate technology. It will not cause pollution and does not create a greenhouse effect. This is because the replacement planting causes carbon dioxide to be circulated and there is no additional emissions. We also hope that the development of biomass projects can further strengthen and engage the community.

Component

The composition of biomass or matter in general is divided into three main parts:

1. Moisture (Moisture) 

    Humidity refers to the amount of water available. Most of the biomass has a relatively high humidity. because it is an agricultural product If wanting to use biomass as energy by burning Humidity should not exceed 50 percent.

2. Combustible substance 

    Combustible substance is divided into 2 parts: Volatiles matter and Fixed Carbon Volatiles matter which is easily combustible. Therefore, any biomass with a high Volatiles matter value indicates flammability.

3. The incombustible part is ash (Ash). 
 
   Most biomass contains about 1-3% ash except rice husk and rice straw. There will be a proportion of about 10-20 percent of the ash, which will have a problem in burning and getting rid of it.

Benefit

Humans have been known to use biomass as energy since ancient times. Until later, the world has developed more and more. use more energy Therefore, the use of fuels such as crude oil Coal and natural gas to replace This makes energy from biomass play a much less role today.

All advantages of using biomass as fuel are follows;

1. The combustion of all kinds of matter produces carbon dioxide, which floats in the air and envelops the earth. when the sun shines down on the earth Some rays cannot be reflected back, causing global warming. Carbon dioxide is therefore called a greenhouse gas (Green House Gas), but the carbon dioxide produced by burning biomass will be recycled back to use by plants for photosynthesis. Therefore, burning biomass is not considered to produce greenhouse gases (Carbon Offset).

2. Not using biomass By allowing it to decompose naturally, such as manure, it produces methane, which is considered a greenhouse gas and is 21 times more dangerous than carbon dioxide.

3. Biomass contains no more than 0.2 percent sulfur or sulfur, so the combustion of biomass Will not cause acid rain problems (fuel oil has sulfur content of about 2 percent, coal has sulfur content of about 0.3-3.8%, depending on the type of coal).

4. The ashes of biomass are alkaline. Therefore, it is suitable to be cultivated or to adjust acidic soil conditions. But the ash from the burning of coal contains heavy metals. Therefore, it must be properly landed, such as having a rubber cloth under it.

5. Reduce the burden of removal, eg. to landfill and incinerate, etc.

6. Contribute to the creation of local jobs The community earns more It is estimated that the use of local biomass for cash flow in the system has been increased by 7 times and the national income is higher. That is, when farmers earn more from biomass. This money will be used for local revolving expenses such as the wages of biomass collectors and collections. These people will continue to spend the money. This goes on and on

7. Saving foreign currency because there is no need to import fuel from abroad, such as fuel oil and coal, etc.

2. Bio - Energy

            Bioenergy is energy generated by all kinds of biological processes. from burned manure or biomass power plants to vehicles that use ethanol fuel Bioenergy or biomass resource is an organic resource of plant origin which is considered as one of the renewable energy  sources, because they are produced by plants and animals that are easily recycled. To convert biomass into energy, a variety of  technologies are required, such as methane fermentation, fermentation to produce alcohol And in the future there may be a production process of hydrogen gas. by using microorganisms current part Bioenergy is one of the most widely used renewable energy around the world due to its social and environmental benefits. In particular, biofuels are produced from agricultural products such as palm oil, corn and sugar.

3. Renewable energy plants

                 Renewable energy plants are plants that can use different parts of the plant to produce       energy to replace oil derived from petroleum.                                                                                      

                Almost all plants are human food crops. Can be divided into 3 types:

                1. Oil plants such as oil palm, soybean, coconut, sunflower, castor, jatropha.

                2. Starch and sugar crops such as corn, rice, sorghum, cassava, sugarcane, sunflower                            kernels.

                3. Plant biomass, such as plant residues left over from agriculture Residual waste from                        the agricultural industry that uses plants as raw materials.

4. Production of methane by microorganisms

                      Methane is a gas near all of us. Because it is the main component of cooking gas. and other nearby sources include composting  fresh waste, composting excreta from livestock. including the residual waste from agriculture and industry.

                    These can all be used as precursors in microbial fermentation to produce methane, the gas that is then used to generate electricity.

5. Production of ethanol from urban waste

             Urban waste is a type of organic compound waste. Used as a precursor, these wastes are fermented to obtain ethanol. To become a sugar that can fight the fermentation process by taking a precursor to separate hydrocarbons for easy fermentation with microorganisms. Using cheap organic waste to produce energy can be both energy efficient and good for the environment. The second step is to convert sugar to ethanol. Using microorganisms to change oligosaccharides or long-chain sugars into monosaccharides or single sugar molecules Then convert the sugar to ethanol.

                              6. Institute for Future Energy Research

                  Energy Research and Development Institute - Nakornping, Chiang Mai University is an organization in charge of universities that supports research and academic services of Chiang Mai University. It has been approved by the University Council as an institution. According to the resolution of the meeting of the University Council No. 1/2007 With effect from March 6, 2007 (currently, March 6 is the day of the establishment of the institution) by integrating energy management and conservation facilities. which is an agency that operates research, development and management of energy conservation and biogas technology facility which is an agency that conducts research Develop and apply technology for anaerobic digestion of organic matter. for waste management along with the production and utilization of biogas as a renewable energy    Established a new agency under the name “Energy Research and Development Institute Chiang Mai University”. Later, the institute was given a new name from Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn is "Nakornping Energy Research and Development Institute Chiang Mai University"with the goal of developing the organization to be a center of excellence in energy There is a management system that is independent from the bureaucratic system. self-reliant To be a research center, research and provide technology and innovation services in energy. to benefit the country

                Vision

                      “To be a leading institute in renewable energy in the ASEAN region”

                Mission

                      1. Produce research and innovations in renewable energy that meet the needs of the    

                          ASEAN region

                   2. Provide academic services on energy and environment that meet international  

                       standards.

                   3. Develop a good and efficient management system

                                                              Source : https://sites.google.com/site/bioenergynaka/home